Maria Antonia had a difficult but ultimately loving relationship with her mother, who referred to her as "the little Madame Antoine". Maria Antonia was raised together with her sister, Maria Carolina, who was three years older, and with whom she had a lifelong close relationship. Shortly after her birth she was placed under the care of the governess of the imperial children, Countess von Brandeis. Maria Antonia was born on All Souls Day, a Catholic day of mourning, and during her childhood her birthday was instead celebrated the day before, on All Saint's Day, due to the connotations of the date. Her godparents were Joseph I and Mariana Victoria, King and Queen of Portugal Archduke Joseph and Archduchess Maria Anna acted as proxies for their newborn sister. She was the youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, ruler of the Habsburg Empire, and her husband Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Antonia was born on 2 November 1755 at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria. Watercolor of Archduchess Maria Antoina at the age of 7 (portrait by Jean-Étienne Liotard, 1762) 9 Trial and execution (14–16 October 1793). 7 Events leading to the abolition of the monarchy on 10 August 1792.6 Radicalization of the Revolution after Varennes (1791–92).5 Flight, arrest at Varennes and return to Paris (21–25 June 1791).4 French Revolution before Varennes (1789–1791).3.4.2 Failure of political and financial reforms.3.4 Prelude to the Revolution: scandals and the failure of reforms (1786–1789).3.2 Motherhood, changes at court and intervention in politics (1778–1781).3 Queen of France and Navarre (1774–1791).Marie Antoinette's trial began on 14 October 1793 she was convicted two days later by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason and executed, also by guillotine, at the Place de la Révolution. Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. On 21 September 1792, the monarchy was abolished. On 10 August 1792, the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the Assembly, and they were imprisoned in the Temple Prison on 13 August. The June 1791 attempted flight to Varennes and her role in the War of the First Coalition had disastrous effects on French popular opinion. Several events were linked to Marie Antoinette during the Revolution after the government had placed the royal family under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in October 1789. During the Revolution, she became known as Madame Déficit because the country's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and her opposition to the social and financial reforms of Turgot and Necker. The false accusations of the Affair of the Diamond Necklace damaged her reputation further. She became increasingly unpopular among the people, however, with the French libelles accusing her of being profligate, promiscuous, allegedly having illegitimate children, and harboring sympathies for France's perceived enemies-particularly her native Austria. Marie Antoinette's position at court improved when, after eight years of marriage, she started having children. On, her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI and she became queen. She became dauphine of France in May 1770 at age 14 upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, heir apparent to the French throne. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne ( / ˌ æ n t w ə ˈ n ɛ t, ˌ ɒ̃ t-/ French: ( listen) née Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last queen of France before the French Revolution. French: Marie Antoinette Josèphe JeanneĬoat of arms of Marie Antoinette of Austria.
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